EMC Standards and Their Application

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EMC Standards and Their Application
Without EMC—no market access! Yes, that is the fundamental concept for manufacturers of electrical apparatus and systems to remember. It is therefore necessary to stay current on EMC requirements and standards and to try to understand how each applies to different types of equipment.
Regulations may be mandatory, like U.S. FCC requirements and European EC Directives, or voluntary, like VCCI approval in Japan. In either case, following EMC regulations may impart a market advantage.
Standards are voluntary to use but are recommended as a reference for verification of compliance with regulations. Basic standards describe test procedures, and in some cases test instrumentation and calibration techniques, while more specific product or application standards usually define limits, severity levels, and compliance criteria. This article provides an overview of EMC standards and their use for verifying compliance with regulations.
Electromagnetic Compatibility—Some Fundamental Concepts
EMC stands for electromagnetic compatibility and is defined as the ability of equipment to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable disturbances to anything in that environment. EMC requirements concern two basic concepts: emissions and immunity or susceptibility.
Electromagnetic disturbance is any phenomenon that may degrade the performance of a device, equipment, or system, or adversely affect living or inert matter.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the degradation of the performance of a device, transmission channel, or system caused by an electromagnetic disturbance. In certain parts of the world, "EMI" is used to characterize emissions. This may lead to confusion when it comes to the characterization of immunity, which is sometimes called EMC!
Electromagnetic disturbances can be conducted or radiated, and the emissions and immunity requirements are referred to in military standards (MIL-STD 461/462) as CE/RE (conducted emission/radiated emission) and CS/RS (conducted susceptibility/radiated susceptibility), respectively.
Disturbances may represent low-frequency (LF) and/or high-frequency (HF) phenomena, as well as broadband and/or narrowband. Broadband disturbances can originate from commutator motors, ignition systems, arc welding equipment, etc.; narrowband from digital electronic circuitry, switched-mode power supplies, and radio communication equipment. Computers have often been reported to cause interference with radio services, including police, aeronautical and broadcast services. On the other hand, radio transmission by a high-frequency carrier, such as a 900 MHz cellular or a 1.8 GHz DCS, can cause problems in computers and all electrical circuits because the carriers are easily picked up by cables and apertures functioning as antennas and are demodulated in electronic circuits by different nonlinear electromagnetic phenomena.

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